Lipstick is a small stick of wax containing pigments, oil, waxes, and emollients that applies color enclosed in a cylindrical case. Nowadays, all girls love to become pretty, make up is more common and become a part of their life. However, lipstick is one of the important product in cosmetic. It will make girls look more charming.
Ingredients of the lipstick One of the main ingredients of lipstick is wax, oil and alcohol. Wax enables the mixture to be formed into the easily recognized shape of the cosmetic. Oils such as mineral, caster, lanolin, or vegetable are added to the wax. They are three types of wax used in lipstick, which are beeswax, candelilla wax and camauba.
Waxes are actually esters. It is the combinations of long chain alcohols and long chain fatty acids. There are also waxes made from more complicated building blocks.
Struture of Ester Molecule
The wax that bees make is a complicated mixture of many compounds, but about 70% of it is the wax made from the fatty acid, palmitic acid and the long chain alcohol triacontanol (melissyl alcohol).
Palmitic acid, CH3CH214COOH
Triacontanol, C30H62O
Beeswax is a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees of the genus Apis.
The Carnauba is a wax which is derived from the leaves of the carnauba palm
Candelilla Wax is another popular vegetable wax. It is usually found either raw in lumps or in a refined state of flakes, pellets or powder.
The Process of Making a Lipstick
The raw ingredients for the lipstick are melted and mixed. One mixture contains the solvents, a second contains the oils, and a third contains the fats and waxy materials.
The solvent solution and liquid oils are then mixed with the color pigments. After that, it is mixed with the hot wax. Next, the mixture is poured into tubing molds, cooled, and separated from the molds.
After the pigment mass is ground and mixed, it is added to the hot wax mass until a uniform color and consistency is obtained.
The lipstick is cooled and separated from the mold, and the bottom of the tube is sealed. The lipstick then passes through a flaming cabinet (or is flamed by hand) to seal pinholes and improve the finish.
Lipstick is reworked by hand with a spatula. This can be done in-line, or the tube can be removed from the manufacturing process and reworked.
Finally, a lipstick is produced.
Will it bring harm your body?
Researchers found that leads are found in the coloring agents that companies use to color the lipstick. Lead is a dangerous neurotoxin, one that the human body cannot tolerate. If ingested, it accumulates in the body. If lead levels become too high, the chance of developing health problems have a high possibility. Lead can affect your nervous system, red blood cells, bones, and kidneys; it can also affect reproduction and cause miscarriage. In children, lead poisoning can cause learning disabilities, mental retardation, behavior problems, anemia and even death. However, lead is not a proven cause of cancer.
Remember to check your lipstick product twice before using to ensure its lead-free.
Cigarette is a cylindrical roll of tobacco cured for smoking, generally less than 120 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter. Nowadays, almost everyone is smoking even teenagers and pregnant ladies. Although health authorities around the world know that tobacco products appeal to children, are highly addictive, and cause the premature death of one-third to one-half of all long-term users, but no strong government agency has regulatory authority over tobacco products.
What’s in a cigarette? There are at least 4000 chemicals in a cigarette. The best-known of these is nicotine, but tar, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, and other toxic irritants such as acrolein and formaldehyde are also present.
Structure of nicotine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine
Molecular formula of nicotine
Nicotine, an organic compound, with the formulaC10H14N2, is a naturally occurring liquid alkaloid, highly addictive drug found naturally in the tobacco plant. Many public health authorities believe nicotine is responsible for promoting and maintaining an addiction to smoking through its effects on the central nervous system. The nicotine in inhaled tobacco smoke moves from the lungs, into the bloodstream and travels directly to the brain in just few seconds. Once there, nicotine will then triggers a number of chemical reactions that create immediate feelings of pleasure for the smoker, but these sensations are short-lived, subsiding within minutes. As the nicotine level drops in the blood, smokers feel anxious and agitated. So, in order to relieve the discomforts, smokers light up another cigarette...and then another. This is so called nicotine addiction.
Nicotine initially causes a rapid release of adrenaline. If you've ever chased by a dog or rushed around the office trying to finish a project by your deadline, you may be familiar with adrenaline's effects: • Rapid heartbeat • Increased blood pressure • Rapid, shallow breathing
Structure of carbon monoxide, CO
Besides, cigarette smoke also contains high levels of carbon monoxide, CO. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, flammable, and highly poisonous gas. This inorganic compound also known as a silent killer as it is impossible for a human to detect. The symptoms of carbon monoxide exposure are typically seemingly harmless, as a result, the detection of CO poisoning often comes too late. In the smoker’s body, CO may replace oxygen in the bloodstream. As a result, the CO blocks the absorption of oxygen in the blood and prevents them from carrying oxygen throughout the body. Carbon monoxide, CO, binds to the hemoglobin forming carboxyhemoglobin COHb. The chemical equation:
CO + Hb --> COHb (carboxyhemoglobin)
Breathing low levels of carbon monoxide can cause chest pain, headaches and nausea. Over time, the lack of oxygen in the body, can damage the heart and increase the risk of getting heart attack.
Structure of nitrogen oxides
Another important class of compounds in cigarette smoke is nitrogen oxides, which the primary form is nitric oxide (NO). Nitric oxide is a gas with a sharp, sweet smell, colorless to brown at room temperature with a strong, harsh odor. It becomes a reddish-brown gas at temperatures above 70 degrees F. In the body, nitric oxide is involved in oxygen transport to the tissues, the transmission of nerve impulses, and other physiological activities. Nitric oxide itself is not necessarily toxic; however, the relatively high concentration of NO present in tobacco smoke may render it toxic. In the present study, scientist found that nitrogen oxides may react with the amino acid tyrosine, producing “3-nitrotyrosine”.
Molecular formula of 3-nitrotyrosine
Formation of 3-nitrotyrosine has been associated with many diseases, including those associated with inflammation in lung airways. 3-nitrotyrosine is generated within the lung after inhalation of tobacco smoke, which may result in inactivation of many enzymes, oxidative injury in the lung and subsequently leads to decreased lung function.
In addition, cigarette smoking also reduces exhaled nitric oxide, NO, which means cigarette smoke may inhibit NO production. The reduction in NO production by cigarette smoke might be responsible, for the increased risk of systemic and pulmonary vascular disease in cigarette smokers.
It’s time to quit!! Smoking-related disease is snatching our beloved family members and friends away from us at an alarming rate. According to the World Health Organization, smoking related-diseases kill one in 10 adults globally, causing approximately four million deaths a year. There are tons of harmful effects of cigarette smoking • Heart disease and stroke • Emphysema • Cancer • ulcers, digestive ailments and chronic upset stomach • bad breathe, teeth brown and yellow • Harmful effects on Bones and Joints • Infertility on men and women
It’s time to quit people.
Say “NO” to cigarette.
While smoking is commonly understood to be addictive, we believe if you want to quit, you can, if you have the motivation and the belief that you can do it!!
Humans, nowadays are feeding their children with junk foods and beverages and they are still wondering why so many children are obese and diabetic.Speaking of common sense, nearly all mammals have the common sense to feed their children their own mother's milk. But humans think otherwise.
Carbonated drinks, as we are aware, are a mixture of carbonated water and other ingredients like flavors. Soft drink is a drink that does not contain alcohol. Soft drinks are often carbonated and commonly consumed while cold. The most common soft drinks are colas, flavored water, sparkling water, iced water, sweet tea, lemonade, squash and fruit punch.
Many of these flavoured drinks contain ingredients that can become an addiction. It is well known that sugar can be addictive; it is well known that caffeine is addictive and it is not only cola drinks that contain caffeine - these days there are many so-called ‘soft- drinks' that contain caffeine and are listed under the genre of ‘energy drinks'.
For example, the largest segment of the soft drink industry is the colas which the ingredients include sugar, artificial sweetener, caffeine, theobromine, carbon dioxide, preservatives and etc. Among them, caffeine and theobromine are the ingredients we should aware of.
What is caffeine?
Caffeine is a bitter, white crystalline xanthine alkaloid that is a psychoactive stimulant drug and one of the world's most widely used drugs.Pharmacologically, caffeine is one of a group of stimulants called methylxanthine, or xanthine, that occur naturally in some plants. Beverages made from the nuts, seeds or leaves of these plants are major sources of natural caffeine, such as coffee, made from the Coffea arabica plant; soft drinks, like Coca Cola, made from Kola nuts; and tea made from the leaves of Thea sinensis. Cocoa, used to make chocolate, contains caffeine as well as theobromine, another xanthine.
Caffeine is also used as a food additive regulated by the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Food and beverage manufacturers are legally required to list caffeine on their products' label only when caffeine has been added. Caffeine naturally present in other ingredients used in the production process need not be on the label. People who wish to avoid caffeine need to be aware of such natural, plant sources when making food choices.
[Data obtained from the National Soft Drink Association]
Molecular formula C8H10N4O2caffeine
What is theobromine?
Theobromine is a water insoluble, crystalline, bitter powder; the colour has been listed as either white or colourless. It has a similar, but lesser, effect to caffeine, making it a lesser homologue. Theobromine is an isomer of theophylline as well as paraxanthine. Theobromine is categorized as a dimethyl xanthine, which means it is a xanthine with two methyl groups.
The mean theobromine concentrations in cocoa and carob products are.
Item
Mean theobromine content (mg/g)
Cocoa
20.3
Cocoa cereals
0.695
Chocolate bakery products
1.47
Chocolate toppings
1.95
Cocoa beverages
2.66
Chocolate ice creams
0.621
Chocolate milks
0.226
Carob products
0-0.504
Theobromine has a similar effect as caffeine, but about 10 times weaker. Theobromine has diuretic, stimulant and relaxing effects. Theobromine can lower the blood pressure because it can to dilate blood vessels. Theobromine has stimulant properties, similar to caffeine. Unlike caffeine, theobromine does not affect the central nervous system. Theobromine can also relax bronchi muscles in the lungs and can be used as cough medicine. Studies indicate that theobromine acts on the vagus nerve, which runs from the lungs to the brain.
Molecular FormulaC7H8N4O2 of theobromine
Soft drinks are available in glass bottles, aluminium cans and PET bottles for home consumption. According to Australian food standards, ingredients must be listed in descending order (by ingoing weight). This means that when the food/drink was manufactured, the first ingredient listed contributed the largest amount; and the last ingredient listed contributed the least amount, compared to the other ingredients.
So which is your favourite soft drink? Maybe you should consider drinking mineral water instead of carbonated drinks for good health.
Contact lenses are used almost by everyone today be it to correct the eye vision or just to enhance or change their eye color. Many people prefer contact over glasses for the cosmetic reason and for the freedom it provides. Contact lenses mainly compose of hard lenses and soft lenses. Nevertheless many people regard contact as just a piece of plastic but little do they know what materials are used to produce it.
The main components for the production of contact lenses are polymer. Hard contact lenses are made from some variant polymer of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a clear, colorless polymer which is widely used in the optical industry. The disadvantages of using polymethyl methacrylate are low impact strength and poor chemical resistance. The advantage of using polymethyl methacrylate is due to the clarity and UV resistance.
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Chemical equation
Methyl Metacrylate
Polymethyl methacrylate
PMMA is also often used as an alternative to glass and in competition with polycarbonate. It is often preferred for its moderate properties, easy handling and low cost. It is often used as lenses, light covers, glazing (particularly in aircraft), light pipes, meter covers, bathroom fittings, outdoor signs, skylights, baths, and toys. Acrylic film is laminated over ABS sheet to provide UV protection.
Soft lenses are made from poly hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Poly hydroxyethyl methacrylate (pHEMA) are used mainly because it has hydrophilic properties that is it can soak up water and retain its shape and optic functions.Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(pHEMA) is used because in water, the polar hydroxyethyl side turns outward and the material becomes flexible making it suitable for the production of contact lens when used with side polymers.
Poly hydroxtethyle methacrylate
In the future, contact lenses will be made from a new substance that is currently being researched called siloxane which is a silicon-oxygen compound. Siloxane forms a thin, flexible film and admits oxygen through to the eye 25 times better than current standard soft lenses. However the disadvantage of siloxane is that it does not wet easily and attracts lipids to its surface causing it to cloud.
Siloxane
Reseachers have found a way to add flourine molecules to the siloxane compound causing the molecule to resist lipids. Wetting agents are also added into the siloxane which changes its molecular shaped when boiled in saline solution so the material will soak up water like the traditional soft lenses.
Contact lenses
As people say, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. In this case, its the holder's eye that holds the beauty.
Struture of Ester Molecule
Beeswax is a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees of the genus Apis.
